Hacking typically involves several phases, often referred to as the hacking lifecycle or cyber attack lifecycle. These phases can vary, but a common model includes:

1. **Reconnaissance (Information Gathering):** The hacker gathers information about the target, such as identifying potential entry points, system architecture, and vulnerabilities.

2. **Scanning (Footprinting):** The hacker uses tools to collect more detailed information about the target's network, systems, and services. This phase helps identify potential vulnerabilities.

3. **Gaining Access (Exploitation):** Exploiting vulnerabilities discovered in the previous phases, the hacker gains unauthorized access to the target system or network.

4. **Maintaining Access:** Once inside, the hacker establishes a persistent presence by creating backdoors or installing malware. This allows them to maintain access for an extended period.

5. **Analysis (Privilege Escalation):** The hacker analyzes the compromised system, looking for opportunities to escalate privileges, gain more control, or move laterally within the network.

6. **Covering Tracks:** To avoid detection, the hacker erases or alters logs, removes evidence of their presence, and takes steps to conceal their activities.

Ethical hacking, or penetration testing, often follows a similar structure but with the intent of identifying and fixing vulnerabilities to improve security. Understanding these phases helps organizations implement measures to prevent and respond to cyber threats effectively.