Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware) that encrypts a victim’s data or locks them out of their systems, demanding a ransom to restore access. Once ransomware infects a system, it typically prevents users from accessing their files, databases, or entire computer networks. Attackers demand a payment, often in cryptocurrency, in exchange for a decryption key that can restore the data.
Ransomware functions by following a typical sequence of actions:
1. **Infection**: The ransomware is introduced into a system through various vectors like phishing emails, malicious links, or software vulnerabilities. Users may accidentally download the malware by opening an infected attachment or visiting compromised websites
2. **Execution**: Once inside the system, ransomware begins executing its payload, often bypassing security measures through obfuscation techniques like polymorphic code.
3. **Encryption**: The ransomware starts encrypting files, documents, databases, or even entire systems using strong cryptographic algorithms. This makes the data inaccessible without a decryption key, which only the attackers hold.
4. **Ransom Demand**: After encryption, the ransomware displays a message demanding a ransom, usually payable in cryptocurrency like Bitcoin, for the decryption key. It often includes a deadline and instructions on how to make the payment.
5. **Decryption or Destruction**: If the ransom is paid, the attackers may (or may not) provide a decryption key. However, paying the ransom does not guarantee data recovery. In some cases, if the ransom is not paid, the data may remain encrypted or be destroyed.